Aquinas Arguments for the Existence of God Essay

Aquinas Arguments for the Existence of God In Summa Theologica, Question 2, Article 3, Aquinas attempts to prove the existence of God. He begins with two objections, which will not be addressed here, and continues on to state five arguments for the existence of God. I intend to show that Aquinas first three arguments are unsound from a scientific standpoint, through support of the Big Bang theory of the creation of the universe. In the first and second arguments Aquinas begins by stating that some things change and that the changes to these things are caused by things other than themselves. He says that a thing can change only if it has a potentiality for being that into what it changes.†¦show more content†¦It is in the last premise that I encounter problems. According to the most prevalent Big Bang theory, the universe began from a singularity. Singularity is a point of zero space and infinite mass, density, and curvature. Because of these extraordinary circumstances within the singularity there is no time and all of the laws of physics as we know them cease to exist. Because this strange situation is exempt from the normal laws that govern the universe it is possible for this singularity to have exploded without cause. There is no time at the instant of singularity and all time and space began the instant after the explosion of the singularity, aptly named the Big Bang. This is the beginning o f the universe and the event that caused it is exempt from the normal laws that now cause the universe to function in the way it does. This exemption can explain away the beginning of Aquinas chain of events and changes, thus eliminating the necessity of a God. The argument that God caused the singularity and the Big Bang can also be explained away, although in somewhat more complicated terms. In the first second after the Big Bang nearly all of the laws of the universe, as well as the combinations and forms of matter were already formed and well on their way away from the center of the explosion. There are an infinite number of way that the particles inside the singularity couldShow MoreRelatedComparing Aquinas And Descartes Arguments For The Existence Of God766 Words   |  4 PagesAquinas and Descartes both have arguments for the existence of God, with some similarities and a multitude of differences. Descartes presents two major premises in his argument with his degrees of reality principle and his casual adequacy principle. It is possible for Descartes to be influenced by Aquinas, but the arguments for the same thing differ greatly that even if any inspiration Descartes could have pulled from Aquinas work is minimal, to say the lea st. Comparing Aquinas and Descartes theyRead MoreSir Thomas Aquinas And William Paley s Argument On The Existence Of God1176 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Aquinas and William Paley present two arguments for the existence of God. Aquinas defines God as omnibenevolent (all good) for his argument, and he continues in â€Å"The Five Ways† to present arguments to prove God’s existence (Rosen et al. 11). Paley, on the other hand, primarily defines God as a designer worthy of our admiration for his work (Rosen et al. 27). During class discussion, defining God involved three major qualities: omnipotence, omniscience, and omnibenevolence. Both Aquinas and PaleyRead MoreAquinas’ has five proofs for Gods existence. His first proof is an argument from motion. Nothing600 Words   |  3 PagesAquinas’ has five proofs for Gods existence. His first proof is an argument from motion. Nothing can move itself unless it was placed into motion. His second proof is an argument from efficient causes. We experience a series of efficient causes of things. I didn’t exist to my prior existence. Nothing before exists. Nothing can be caused by itself. The third proof is the argument from possibility and necessity. We find natural things that are possible to be and not to be. Things come in and out ofRead MoreExplain the Strengths and Weaknesses of Aquinas Cosmological Argument1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthe strengths and weaknesses of Aquinas’ cosmological arguments. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument based on the question of the relation of the universe’s existence and God’s existence. This argument focuses on the theory that if the universe exists then something must have caused it to existence, ie. A God or Creator. Supporters of this argument claim that to fully comprehend the existence of the universe, one must rely on a theory of a God however critics would say that dueRead More Existence of God Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesIn the â€Å"Suma Theologica,† by Saint Thomas Aquinas, Aquinas combines the doctrines of Christianity with Aristotelian philosophy, through the assertion that as a result of observation, utilization of the senses, and an empirical mindset, one can substantiate the existence of God. Aquinas holds the conception that in the quest for God’s existence, philosophy and theology are interwoven together and both play complementary roles. He infuses numerous theological doctrine s, mainly from Saint AugustineRead MoreAnalysis Of The Five Ways By Thomas Aquinas1298 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Aquinas wrote, â€Å"The Five Ways† from Summa Theologica and is said to be the greatest theologian. In this reading, Aquinas gives his five arguments in regard to Gods existence and shows how philosophy and religion intertwine with one another. The Argument from change, causation, contingency, degrees of excellence, and harmony are all are Aquinas reasonings towards the proof of Gods existence. Aquinas first argument for God’s existence comes from the argument of change or motion. In this argumentRead MoreThe Existence Of God s Existence1339 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of God. The existence of God is one of the most sought out topic that is frequently inquired. Is there really a God or is God merely a concept humans created to explain the unexplainable? And if God does exist, what makes him different from the rest of us? A well-known philosopher, St. Thomas Aquinas, introduced five proofs including the Cosmological Arguments of God’s existence, as well as explained some divine qualities that are associated with God. The nature of God’s existence is oftenRead MoreThe Five Ways Of The Existence Of God1557 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Aquinas (1225-1274). We cannot prove that God exists, merely by considering the word God, for that strategy work, we would have to presume to know God s essence. According to Aquinas, the existence of God can be proved. This paper will discuss what each of the five ways are that Thomas Aquinas introduced to show the existence of God. The Argument from Change: To begin with, one way to prove that God exists is to contemplate the fact that natural things are in motion. According to Aquinas, a firstRead MoreThe Existence Of Saint Thomas Aquinas And Ren?ï ¿ ½ Descartes1460 Words   |  6 PagesGod’s existence has long been a topic of controversy, one that spans the course of many centuries and––because of its nature––will never be resolved. Two notable philosophers have attempted to prove God’s existence: Saint Thomas Aquinas and Renà © Descartes. Despite having been influenced by the former, Descartes’ arguments––while similar to Aquinas’––are reached through noticeably different methods. To analyze Aquinas’ proof for God’s existence, it is important to first analyze his definition ofRead MoreAn Examination Into The Respective Proofs Of St. Aquinas1288 Words   |  6 PagesAnselm and St. Aquinas During the Medieval Period, philosophers shifted their focus primarily to proving the existence of God, as well as other religious tenets. Two Saints of the Catholic Church, St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, developed their own respective proofs for the existence of God. These proofs have gained fame over the subsequent centuries and still face debate and comparison today. Although both St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas offer proofs for the existence of God, the proofs differ

Stock Markets The Castle in the Air vs The Firm...

Market Theories Investments Seminar Table of Contents Introductionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Castle in the Air Theorynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Firm Foundation Theorynbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Effects of the Marketnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;3 Market Theoriesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5 The Tulip-Bulb Crazenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5 Today’s â€Å"Tulip-Bulb† Craze, the Dot-Com Crashnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;5 Conclusionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;6 Introduction Castle in the Air Theory The Castle in the Air theory was introduced by John Maynard Keynes, an well known economist and successful investor of the 1930s. It was Keynes’ theory that the keys to investing came from supernatural or psychic means.†¦show more content†¦Firm Foundation Theory The firm-foundation theory speculated that each tool used for investment (stock, real estate, etc.) was directly related to intrinsic value. Intrinsic value could be determined by carefully analyzing present-day conditions and future speculations. It was determined that when market prices fell below or rose above this firm foundation a buying or selling opportunity would come about. Quite simply it became a matter of comparing the actual price with its â€Å"firm foundation† of value. As stated in our text, the classic developer of this technique came from John B. Williams, a mathematician and financial writer. Williams’ formula for determining the intrinsic value of stock was based on dividend income. He introduced the concept of â€Å"discounting† in order to determine this value. It was his belief, according to our text, that the intrinsic value of a stock was equal to the present or â€Å"discounted† value of all of its future dividends. In other words a stock’s value should be based on the earnings a firm will be able to distribute in the future in the form of dividends. At this point, future expectations have to be included which would of course entail more intricate calculations. The overall issue with the firm foundation theory, as pointed out in our text, is that it relies on difficult forecasting towards the extent and duration of future growth. Effects of the Market Overall all both of the above mentionedShow MoreRelatedBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 Pagesinvestment types, the markets in which the securities trade and to investment companies. In this chapter the student is introduced to the general concept of investing, which is to forego consumption today so that future consumption can be preserved and hopefully increased in the future. Real assets are differentiated from financial assets, and the major categories of financial assets are defined. The risk/return tradeoff, the concept of efficient markets and current trends in the markets are introducedRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagesbetter known multinational companies with wellestablished customer networks. This presents a problem for a relatively small company such as Reload from entering overseas markets where such rivals exist. By locating in a different continent, Reload will need to establish itself with new suppliers who are reliable in providing the firm with fresh ingredients for its food and beverages. 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Microscopes and Microscopy Free Essays

Microscopes and Microscopy Introduction The purpose for including a lab on microscopy in his course is because it is a very important tool in making detailed observations. This lab helps the average person realize that there is much more to things than what you see with the naked eye. In the field of human biology microscopes are very important for many reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Microscopes and Microscopy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the late 1500’s a scientist named Zacharias Janssen created the first microscope of it kind and now we have several microscopes that are very important to the study of human biology. The compound microscope is used to view individual cells as well as living cells such as hair. Electron microscopes can be used to view things such as biological tissues and organisms. Also, another popular microscope used in human biology is the stereo microscope, which is commonly used to dissect and examine human tissue. Discussion When studying the â€Å"optics† slide in the interactive section of this lab it displayed image orientation. To display this it took the letter â€Å"e† and showed you the standard view to the naked eye and then it showed you the view through a light microscope and it looked very different. The â€Å"e† was upside down and backwards left while looking down in the microscope. The reason it looked like this was because of the shape and lenses in the microscope. While studying the color threads on the interactive microscope you notice that the colors are red, green, and yellow from top to bottom. The magnification that was useful in helping me determine the order was 400x. This magnification allowed me to see that the yellow color thread was on the bottom and that the green color thread was in the middle. The optical principles that are in play here are perfect lens characteristic and transmitted light microscopy optical pathways. Interpupillary distance is the distance between the centers of the pupils of the two eyes. The way to determine what the interpupillary distance is with a device called a pupil meter. This device presents a binocular subject that can be set from a close viewing distance out to optical infinity. The diopter setting is a control knob on a microscope that helps your eyes view something similar in proper relation instead of allowing each individual eye to view the subject differently. It is necessary to locate an object using the low objective because it allows you to gain a better focus before switching to the high power objective and makes it so you don’t have to make much of an adjustment on the high power objective. Just trying to focus using the high power objective could get very time consuming. Reducing the iris diaphragm aperture on a microscope will clarify an image focused under high power, but it would be letting less light in the field of view. The reason it would clarify the image is because under high power it doesn’t take much light to bring whatever you are viewing into focus due to the strength of the lens. If my lab partner was having problems locating onion cells using a parfocal microscope with the low power objective and just switched to the high power objective I would tell her that this is an incorrect way to bring the onion cells into focus. I would advise her that she would need to continue to bring the onion cell into focus with the low power objective because once you have it in focus with the low power objective you can switch to the high power objective with out making any changes to the focus. I am striving to become a nurse and I believe that in that career field it is extremely important for me to be especially knowledgeable regarding microscopy. While working as a nurse it is going to be extremely important for me to know what microscopes are going to be best to use in certain circumstances. For my career field it is going to be very important to understand how to use a microscope and that goes for knowing how to bring cells into more focus as well as knowing that I need to bring what I am viewing into focus under the low power objective. How to cite Microscopes and Microscopy, Papers

Discussion on Interpersonal Communication-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Describe your earliest memories of "learning " your culture. Do you believe that the event you recall had a significant impact on how you understand culture? Why or why not? 2.One of the cultures to which you belong is college student. Describe some aspect of the college student culture, and give specific examples of how you communicate that you are a college student. 3.Do you consider yourself monochromic or polychromic, and why? Describe a time when your monochromic or polychromic view helped or hindered something you were trying to do. 4.Describe a time in which your use of world mindedness helped to prevent or overcome a problem related to interpersonal communication with someone from another culture. 5.Think of a culture that you consider significantly different from your own. Now imagine the you have been assigned to work on a school project with a person from that culture. How would you put the principles of Communication Accommodation Theory into practice, and what would be the benefit of doing so? Answers: 1.One of my earliest memories of learning culture for me can be described when I attended a marriage ceremony of our family which was somehow different from the marriage which I use to see in my cartoon series. Later I came to know that there are varieties of cultural group which have their own different rituals of performing marriage functions. Yes, the event which I recalled did help me to understand that culture is in variety in this world and with each culture there rises their own significant difference. 2.Being a college student we live in a multicultural society and interact with as many people from different backgrounds. There we respect each people coming from different backgrounds and their views. With teachers we use formal speaking and we are well aware that for any dishonesty we would be punished. On the other hand for any good effort we would be praised. Each student has an unique identification number by which he needs to communicate to his college staff as there are many students they need to handle. For example, college id, roll number can be used to communicate that I am a student. 3.I have considered myself as a polychromic because polychromic people like to do many things at a time (Lindquist, Lane Kaufman, 2015). Similarly, I believe in building long term relations with every one whom I meet. Even balancing all things at a time I take it as a challenge to accomplish happily. I do not mind doing and completing several task at a time. Once my nature of being polychromic helped some of my sisters classmate, where I helped them to complete each of their assignment in one night. It helped them to complete and submit their different topics in the next day at school. It was wonderful helping them with different topics and my ability to handle them all at a time. 4.Once while I was standing in a queue for booking metro tickets and suddenly two old people grabbed my attention because they were continuously asking about an address to people but none were able to help them. It seemed that they were not from our place but instead from other country. Anyways I did not asked but they were speaking in Vietnamese language. I knew because I had one of my friends who used to speak Vietnamese. I had some knowledge about the specific language and then I tried helping them with the address for which they need to take the same metro for which I was waiting. 5.The communication accommodation theory is a way to help others while interaction with the process of convergence and divergence (Dragojevic, Gasiorek Giles, 2015). I consider Korean culture significantly different from my culture. I would first try to learn what language he would be able to speak and understand, if not any then I will help him to understand some of my basic language that he can understand and remember easily. Then I will use the convergence strategy and try to learn his language so that our communication works without much difficulty but will keep in mind that I do not over accommodate. This way our project will be finished and with proper understanding between both of us. This will lead to generate new idea from both the perspective and ability to understand by both of us. It will help me to learn about his culture. References Dragojevic, M., Gasiorek, J., Giles, H. (2015). Communication accommodation theory.The international encyclopedia of interpersonal communication. Lindquist, J. D., Lane, P. M., Kaufman, C. J. (2015). Polychronic Behavior: Conceptually Where are We and What are the Marketing and Consumer Behavior Implications. InProceedings of the 1991 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 27-31). Springer, Cham.

Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony

Sweden is a country with a long history which is now regarded as one of the world’s â€Å"most advanced nations in terms of politics, social welfare, gender equality, standard of living, technology, the arts, and participation in regional and global developments† (Nordstrom 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden: Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This country was also characterized by homogenous population throughout centuries, but increasing immigration which took place in the twentieth century has changed the demographic situation in the country. Nevertheless, Swedish culture and Swedish values are still being promulgated in the country. However, according to Witoszek and Trà ¤gà ¥rdh cultural hegemony in Sweden has led to many issues concerning minorities living in the country (196). In the contemporary globalized world many argue that homogeneity can be the clue to cultural sustainability, but sometimes hegemony of culture can lead to various unexpected outcomes. In this paper I argue that cultural hegemony in Sweden led to such negative outcomes as development of extreme forms of nationalism which threatened democracy in the country and led to numerous acts of violence. Therefore, in the first place, I will touch upon peculiarities of cultural hegemony in Sweden and its origins and then I will consider examples of negative outcomes of cultural hegemony in Sweden. As has been mentioned above Sweden was homogenous for a long time. Swedish homogeneity is the major background for the hegemony of Swedish culture. Admittedly, there were the necessary premises to develop such notion as â€Å"Swedishness† (Grà ¶ndahl 22). Sweden culture is based on such â€Å"typical Swedish values like equality, self-criticism, worship of nature† (Gustavsson 503). It is necessary to add that Swedish homogeneity was also possible due to the impact of religion, since the majority of adult population of the country pertain to Lutheran Church and, thus, share the same values (Berggren 573). More so, Sweden is one of those few countries which were not threatened by external attacks (Hjerm). When considering Swedish cultural homogeneity it is important to mention that the country enjoyed political, social and economical stability throughout centuries since after the rapid development in the times of the industrial revolution the country did not have periods of serious economical crisis.Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this favorable tendency was interrupted in the 1990s when Sweden faced serious economic recession (Hjerm). It goes without saying that economic constraints influence cultural development of the country. Admittedly, in combina tion with immigration these economical issues can result in the development of extreme nationalism which is one of possible negative outcomes of cultural hegemony. As far as immigration in Sweden is concerned it is necessary to point out that after World War II â€Å"an influx of refugees and labor immigrants took place† (Grà ¶ndahl 22). There were two other major influxes which took place in 1960s and 1980s. Immigrants who came to Sweden were of Finnish and Kurdish origins (Grà ¶ndahl 22). It is necessary to point out that Swedish always had negative attitude toward immigrants which can be explained by their long-lasting homogeneity. In simple words, these people were not accustomed to multinational environment, so they still divided their society in Swedish and others. A number of surveys prove that statement. Thus, the survey held in 1969 revealed the prevalent negative attitude towards immigrants among â€Å"people with little formal education and among the working cla ss†, and among elderly people (Westin 189). Only young people and people who travelled a lot did not reveal negative attitude towards immigrants. The following survey held in 1981 revealed the same results, but the rate of people who positively viewed immigrants was higher, though the negative attitude prevailed. These findings were explained by the fact that young people â€Å"replaced† elderly people (Westin 189). However, the following surveys held in 1987, 1990, and 1993 revealed that the public opinion changed and the number of people who did not oppose immigration decreased dramatically, instead â€Å"xenophobic and racist attitudes† emerged (Westin 189). It is important to note that this was the period of economic recession which, as has been stated above, plays quite considerable role in shaping cultural development. In such periods people start paying more attention to their cultural heritage promulgating ideas of cherishing the past. Admittedly, cultura l â€Å"revival and mobilization occur when the existence of a community or region is threatened† (Ekman 281). It can be expected that in Sweden this process should be held in terms of their major values concerning democracy, religion and equality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden: Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is necessary to add that often cultural hegemony can result in the development of such negative subcultures as extreme nationalism. In Sweden where the major values are equality and democracy many young (and elderly) people speak of their ethnic supremacy over immigrants, people who have other origins, i.e. â€Å"others†. This can be explained by the fact that †¦subordinated groups offer resistance to the hegemony of elite culture; they create subaltern popular cultures and contest for a voice in the dominant public sphere. (qtd. in Martin and Nakayama 312) In times when no economical or political constraint occur, the subordinated groups may reveal their protests via music, looks (punk, Goths, etc.). However, when difficult economical conditions influence people’s well-being the protest can acquire extreme forms. Thus, within Swedish culture which promulgates equality, there appear subcultures which promulgate equality among chosen, people of Swedish origin. Therefore, long-lasting cultural hegemony when threatened by appearance of other cultures resulted in numerous cases of violence. Reportedly, the cases of racial violence have increased dramatically during recent years (than 3,000 cases in 2001) (Larsson 4). However, this subculture though has been developing rapidly did not transform into hegemony, and remained within the limits of sub-cultural status. It is possible to get a closer look at the peculiarities of such subcultur es considering the activities of white power movement in Sweden. White power movement is neo-fascist movement which promulgates the supremacy of white race, as opposed to other races and ethnicities (Eyerman 456). White power movement is quite powerful in Sweden. However, to estimate the rate of neo-fascist and extreme nationalistic views it is possible to consider popularity of white power music in the country. Admittedly, those who listen to this music and attend concerts are not necessarily people ready for violent actions, but they are supporters of the sub-culture which promulgates ideas of Swedish supremacy. White power music includes such musical styles as â€Å"country music, folk music, Viking music, black metal or hard-core rock, with some overlap with punk† (Eyerman451). Notably, this subculture has a lot in common with elite culture since it is also based on cultural heritage, i.e. folk songs and music. According to Swedish Council for Crime Prevention Sweden is o ne of the leaders of white power music production worldwide (Eyerman 451). More than 5,000 participants were registered in the recent concert of the white power music.Advertising Looking for research paper on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interestingly, there are 1,500-2,000 core activists within this movement, and the number of sympathizers can hardly be estimated (Eyerman 451). It is important to note that the majority of core activists are males between 25 and 35 years old. They have households and children. The number of female members gradually increases. Thus, the movement’s core activists are not teenagers who only want to reveal their protest to the power. These are people who have some experience and can critically evaluate situation in the country and shape their outlines. The movement was developed several decades ago and became a significant subculture. The development of technology contributed greatly to the spread of the white power music and ideas. Thus, people could visit an official website and find out about the movement more information, and consequently join the subculture. However, increased number of violent actions implemented by neo-fascist organizations made Swedish government and medi a respond (Eyerman 456). Public opinion was against any violence, even though many shared the same negative attitude towards ethnic minorities. Thus, neo-fascist organizations were declared illegal, so this subculture became marginal and more covert. Interestingly, Eyerman provides an explanation for the fact that this subculture was suppressed by those in power. He states that a commonly recognized aspect of Swedish political culture is the role of organized political parties, in absorbing and institutionalizing political protest. The role and relationship of the parties in other words, are central to any emergent collective action. (Eyerman 457) In terms of Intercultural Communication Theory it is possible to restate the same statement in the following way: cultural hegemony in Sweden did not let neo-fascist subculture develop since the latter used too extreme ways of communicating ideas. Thus, when considering cultural hegemony in Sweden it is possible to observe the peculiarity of cultural hegemony (on the whole) which is often characterized by, so to speak, dualistic nature. On one hand, it leads to creation of various subcultures since people pertaining to the culture can oppose some of its values (in case with Swedish neo-fascist organizations did not support the value of equality). On the other hand, cultural hegemony prevents subcultures from further development because the majority of people (those pertaining to elite culture) long to preserve their values. In conclusion, it is possible to state that cultural hegemony in Sweden had some negative outcomes. Numerous acts of violence committed by activists of neo-fascist organizations which formed a certain subculture threatened the order established in the country. However, it is important to point out that the development of extreme nationalistic sub-cultures took place in the period of economical and political constraints. Admittedly, in the times of flourishing cultural hegemony led to unity of the entire nation. As a result, Swedish culture has preserved its historical heritage due to the cultural hegemony. Therefore, cultural hegemony is favorable for the development of any society. However, it is important to be careful and interrupt the development of dangerous subcultures when it is still possible to diminish their influence. Admittedly, Swedish people only start making their first steps in international communication. The process is lengthy and quite complicated. Nevertheless, Swedish culture which promulgates eternal values will make it possible to complete the process successfully. Works Cited Berggren, Niclas. â€Å"Rhetoric or Reality? An Economic Analysis of the Effect of Religion in Sweden.† Journal of Socio-Economics 26.6 (2002): 571-596. Ekman, Ann-Kristin. â€Å"The Revival of Cultural Celebrations in Regional Sweden. Aspeccts of Tradition and Transition.† Sociologia Ruralis 39.3 (1999): 280-293. Eyerman, Ron. â€Å"Music in Movement: Cultural Pol itics and Old and New Social Movements.† Qualitative Sociology 25.3 (2002): 443-458. Grà ¶ndahl, Satu. â€Å"Identity Politics and Construction of ‘Minor’ Literatures: Multicultural Swedish Literature at the Turn of the Millennium.† Multiethnica 30 (2007): 21-29. Gustavsson, Bengt. â€Å"Human Values in Swedish Management.† Management Communication Quarterly 24.4 (2010): 503-528. Hjerm, Mikael. â€Å"Reconstructing â€Å"Positive† Nationalism: Evidence from Norway and Sweden.† Sociological Research Online 3.2 (1998): n. pag. Web. Larsson, Stieg. â€Å"A Study on Racially Motivated Crime and Violence in Sweden.† National Focal Point of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia September (2002): 1-46.  Expo.se. Web. Martin, Judith N., and Thomas K. Nakayama. Intercultural Communication in Contexts, 5/e. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2010. Nordstrom, Byron J. The History of Sweden. Westport, CT: Gr eenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Westin, Charles. â€Å"Neo-Nazism in a Welfare State: The Example of Sweden.† Journal of Conflict and Violence Research 2.2 (2000): 184-206. Witoszek, Nina and Lars Trà ¤gà ¥rdh. Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2002. This research paper on Theoretical Construct and Issue for Sweden: Different Facets of Homogeneous Society and Cultural Hegemony was written and submitted by user Karlee Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stagnation of the Philippines essays

Stagnation of the Philippines essays STAGNATION OF THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Education is the most important aspect in the development of an individual, and as well as a nation. It is the trait that helps us become well-rounded people ready to encounter all obstacles and problems put before us, and overcome them. Without the proper education, life will be very difficult for people to live since they are not prepared to deal with its challenges. Unfortunately, in the Philippines, the education provided to its citizens are well below the standards expected, thus leaving these people with difficult circumstances to overcome each day. As the years progress, the country fails to rise these said standards and thus bring an insufficient education for the public. This has led to the non-progression of the Filipinos as people and the Philippines as a state. The Philippines has one of the highest rates of decline in educational standards throughout the world at present. This is due to the insufficient education being brought to the classrooms throughout the archipelago. Most countries have overtaken the Filipinos in terms of quality in education and they are slowly dropping among the world excellence. And the future does not seem so bright to for the Philippines because of the deteriorating trend experienced by their educational system. The educational system in the Philippines has not progressed in the past decades because of the lack of government support and the apathy of the Filipinos towards the inferior quality of education provided them. The educational system in the Philippines is stagnated at its present state. The researcher aims to show the educational system in the Philippines, its background as well as its present structure. Then, the status of the educational system throughout history and the problems experienced by it along with the measures taken. Finally, to depict the stagnation of the system from the past, the reasons and the possible solutions...

What is 'new' about the 'New Woman' Discuss the challenges posed by Essay

What is 'new' about the 'New Woman' Discuss the challenges posed by the emergenceof this figure in late Victorian literature - Essay Example of new genres of women’s fiction – women’s ‘sensation’ novel of the 1860s and the ‘new woman’ novel of the 1890s – as well as the emergence of a ‘new’ kind of woman in literature and society, challenging the Victorian social ideals and perceptions of femininity. [Pykett, 1992] While the sensation heroines, as Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Isabel Sleaford in ‘The Doctor’s Wife’ and Aurora in ‘Aurora Floyd’ present shades of a new kind of woman – â€Å"a woman who cannot easily be accommodated either to the category of normal, proper femininity, nor to that of deviant, improper femininity,† [Pykett, 1992; p. 19] the ‘new woman’ heroines of the 1880s and 1890s, as Lyndall in Olive Schreiner’s autobiographical novel ‘The Story of an African Farm’, presents more powerful, fiercely independent and more â€Å"seriously feminist† representation of women. Though Lyndall is more often referred to as the â€Å"best example† of the â€Å"new woman’ in English novel, [Monsman, 1985; p. 262] Braddon’s Isabel and Aurora Floyd are more subtler representations of an evolving, new femininity, at odds with the Victorian perceptions of femininity. It may be fascinat ing to analyse the development of this new femininity and representations of ‘new woman’ in literature, as women writers of the late -Victorian era defined and redefined femininity. As one attempts to understand the ‘new’-ness of the ‘new woman’ and the challenges posed by these representations in literature, it may be worthwhile to examine how the ‘new woman’ is described, as well as analyse the construct of this figure in literature in relation to the perceptions of femininity in their days. Smith Rosenberg explains that the New Woman was primarily a representation-- ‘a condensed symbol of disorder and rebellion,’ [In Pykett, 1992; p.137-38] actively produced and reproduced in the print media and in novels. From a more realistic perception the New Woman is

CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Case Study Example When the respondents were given beer without the labels, they were unable to discern their favorite label from the 6 provided. This shows that most consumers do not have a preference for a particular taste of beer. Rather, their preference was biased towards the label rather than the taste. This shows that people make beer buying decisions based on labels rather than taste. Native Advertising is becoming increasingly popular in todays world. In this form of advertising, the advertiser depends on the internet where the ad is placed in the context considering in mind the users experience. An example of this is Pinterest where the advertiser places the ad as a pin rather than the traditional advertisement. Ads as pins are content placed in the context of the users experience. Such form of advertising are more likely to get the attention of the users because most users zone out the traditional forms of advertising but are unable to differentiate advertising from the usual pins. This then increases the impact of the advertising. This form of advertising also generates word of mouth through sharing of the advertisements. Pins are more likely to be shared by users as compared to normal

Application Letter to the University of Fairleigh Dickinson Essay

Application Letter to the University of Fairleigh Dickinson - Essay Example I have always wanted to get a degree from a reputed university that will offer me innumerable opportunities in life from numerous perspectives. When considering applying to a university, I have based my choices and preferences on a number of criteria such as the reputation of the university, the cosmopolitan nature offered at the campus, the range of courses offered, importance to activities apart from study and lastly the emphasis laid on the exposure to internationalism. I strongly believe that among the choices that I have considered and researched, the Fairleigh Dickinson University certainly has come to outscore the others as it has provided me with such an insight that has left me mesmerized and created an urge in me to come in and experience the rich heritage personally. The first and the foremost things that captivated my thought when I had a look at the university web portal was the vast number of campuses, colleges and the range of mediums over which priceless education was being offered to prospective students. I sincerely felt that such an extended range of courses left me with much more than I could expect to choose from. I believe that it is extremely important in terms of my career to choose a course of my choice as I firmly believe that in order to succeed at work, true commitment and a liking for the job is a must. At a personal level, I have always wanted to support the expenses for my education and I was delighted and encouraged upon finding the extensive range of scholarship options that the university offers. I was also encouraged by the fact that the university plays host to a large contingent of students from other countries and I have always been willing to meet new people of different cultures and see the world through them. I strongly believe that if I get an opportunity to meet people from as much as 80 countries, my self-belief of being a global citizen will be further strengthened. I am also happy and encouraged by the

Task Centred Approach in Mental Health

Task Centred Approach in Mental Health â€Å"Write a case study illustrating a social work intervention with an individual or family drawn from your current practice placement. The case study should illustrate the application of a social work method / approach (such as crisis intervention, systemic approaches, solution focused approach, CBT etc) to a practice situation and should contain a critical analysis of the chosen methodology.† Within this assignment I will discuss a case that I am managing within my placement by providing details of the case and other professional bodies that are currently involved. In relation to this case I will discuss the relevant theories and methods that I have used with this client and critically analyse my choice of method. I will also mention other methods or approaches that I feel may have been beneficial to my work with the client. In order to provide evidence of this session with my client I will also attach a process recording to illustrate my chosen method. Michael is a 47 year old male that is a service user of the Mental Health Team in Ballyfermot. Michael has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and a mild intellectual disability. He currently lives alone in the community with the support of the Mental Health Team. I am managing this case with the supervision of my practice teacher. At the moment Michael has the support of the outreach team in which they manage his medication and food shopping, whereas the social work department manage his finances in regards to his bills and give Michael a daily allowance each week. I am currently working one to one with Michael on a weekly basis in regards to the goals he has set for the following weeks. Each week Michael and I meet to discuss relevant issues that may have arisen for him during the week. Michael and I worked in partnership to complete the recovery star and made a plan to tackle some of the areas in his life that he would like to improve on. An example of this would be attending litera cy classes, learning how to text and learning how to cook at home and also finding a job. I am working in partnership with Michael to achieve these goals. For this session, I planned to discuss and start the recovery star with Michael in order to understand his lifestyle at this present time. In order to complete the recovery star I used a task centred approach. The theory that I used for this session was behaviourism. Behaviourism is based on the theories of Pavlov, Skinner and Watson (Trevthick.P, 2005). According to Trevthick.P (2005) it was seen that through observable and measureable responses that behaviours are learned and in result behaviours can also be unlearned (Trevthick.P, 2005). According to Trevthick.P (2005) it also states that there are four types of techniques which are systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, operant conditioning, and modelling. In regards to working with Michael in this session, I used one of these techniques which were operant conditioning. â€Å"Operant conditioning is a technique where ‘the environment has been specifically programmed to support certain behaviours and discourage other s’ (Sheldon, 1995) by altering the consequences that follow† (Trevthick.P,2005:P.96). While working with Michael and arranging to have our sessions in the civic centre every week it is evident through our sessions that the environment around him would have an effect on his behaviour. For example if the civic centre was busy Michael would sometimes seem a little anxious, whereas if the centre was quiet, Michael’s mood would be quite calm. Through operant conditioning it also discusses the possibility of reinforcements in regards to behaviours. Through this it is evident that through our weekly sessions, Michael would understand his reinforcement by participating within the session would be his daily allowance. This has become clear on a number of occasions as Michael has become quite engaging in regards to the sessions that would take place on a weekly basis. Whereas before if Michael received his daily allowance before his weekly sessions he would become disengag ing and would abandon the session. Through this theory I then decided to use the method of task centred work with Michael. According to Adams, R et al (2002) â€Å"Task centred casework was described as a method to help people with problems of living.† (Adams.R et al, 2002). According to Payne.M (1997) task centred work looks at problems with the client and ensuring that the client accepts and acknowledges the problems that they have. Also understanding that their problems can be resolved by their actions outside the ongoing work they may have with the social worker and that the problems can be defined clearly. While also having certain issues in the clients lives that they feel that they can change and that these problems are realised by the client and not others that are in the client’s life (Payne. M, 1997). It is also discussed that it should be assessed of the â€Å"direction and strengths of clients wants† (Payne. M, 1997), this is explained in regards that the clients want can start an action, although the clients belief system can shape the want while also providing an accept able way of accomplishing those wants. In result according to Payne. M (1997) a belief can steer an action and by completing certain cognitive therapies these beliefs can be changed. According to Payne. M (1997) this was called a point of leverage. A point of leverage is accuracy, scope and consistency. Accuracy is when a social worker would discuss how accurate a client’s belief is then discuss the scope in which they discuss the range of beliefs that client has and explored with the client when they think these beliefs are limited. And lastly consistency in which the social worker would tackle misrepresentations due to a disagreement between one belief and another in which the social worker would be able to remove these and discuss it with the client. Through this emotions can arise for the client when there is a collaboration of their belief and want. This can then follow onto an action which would be shown by a behaviour which would be carried with intent which then follo ws on to a plan (Payne. M, 1997). A plan is a portray of intentions which is formed from the interaction of the belief, want and emotion (Payne. M, 1997). Through this a plan can be set in regards to exploring alternative options that may not have been tried by doing so this can give feedback to the client and social worker to understand if the method was successful or not. Through this method it also allows the client to resolve any problems they may have while also providing them with the skills for situations that may arise in the future. In result the client would be able to tackle a future issue that may arise without the need of the social worker. As cited in Payne. M (1997), Reid (1978) discusses the various stages of task centred practice. These are as follows step one â€Å"identify potential problems† (Payne.M, 1997) identifying specific problems the client is having and allowing them to express these problems in their own words in order to gain a full understanding of the situation. Step two is â€Å"reaching tentative agreements† (Payne.M, 1997), by doing this you can explore the main problems the client may be facing. Step three is â€Å"challenge unresolvable or undesirable problems† (Payne.M, 1997) by completing this with the client the social worker can challenge these problems so the client will not be encouraged to obtain an unrealistic goal. Step four is â€Å"raising additional problems† (Payne.M, 1997), through this step the social worker can challenge and allow the client to realise other problems they may be having. Step five is â€Å"seek others involvement† (Payne.M, 1997) through this it may be beneficial to seek others that can be supportive or can contribute to finding a solution. Step six is â€Å"jointly assess the reason for referral† (Payne.M, 1997); in this step it would be useful to discuss the reason why the client was referred to the service especially if the client was forced to do so. Step seven is â€Å"get precise details† (Payne.M, 1997), it would be very important for the social worker to get accurate details into when and where the problems are occurring for the client. Step eight is to specify the problem for the client, step nine would be to identify the clear baselines and lastly step ten would be to decide on the changes the client would like to make (Payne.M, 1997).Throughout this process it is vital that the client and social worker have a similar understanding of what needs to be achieved and also provide feedback at the end of each session in order to understand if certain aspects of their work is not proving su ccessful. Adams. R et al (2002) discusses this that task centred work is a systematic model which examines what works well for the client and what doesn’t work so well in regards to achieving the desired goals that are put in place (Adams.R et al,2005). In regards to this the main reason why I used this approach with Michael was because he has a mild intellectual disability and it can be difficult to engage Michael in activities for a long period of time. So when starting the recovery star I explained to Michael that we would complete three sections and then continue the rest the following week. Throughout this session Michael became agitated and annoyed as he wanted to receive his daily allowance and leave. Although when continuing to proceed with the recovery star and using the task centred approach it became clear to myself and Michael what improvements he would like to make in the different areas of his life. With this new knowledge, Michael and I were able to set a basic map. While working in this session with Michael, I decided to use the basic map of task centred practice that is discussed by Trevthick.P (2005). The reason I used this specific map instead of the other process described by Payne.M (1997) was because the basic map overall described four basic steps that would be beneficial to the sessions I had with Michael. According to Trevthick.P (2005) a basic map of a task centred approach consists of four steps. These steps are as follows, step one would be targeting three main problems the client has. Through the recovery star there were certain areas Michael wanted to improve on, which was his living skills i.e. cooking and cleaning and also his literacy skills. Step two consisted of a contract which was setting up a plan to achieve these goals successfully and set a time frame for when these would be completed. This was competed by researching the resources that were in the community in regards to the literacy classes and possible cooking classes and looking at the time scale of when Michael would like to accomplish these goals. Step three consists of problem solving which would be solving any problems that would arise for me or Michael in regards to the sessions that take place. For example whil e working towards improving Michaels literacy skills it was evident that Michael would need one to one tutoring and this wouldn’t be possible for several months, although Michael was adamant to start in which he decided to start in a group. In result as the student social worker I know I will have to support, encourage and motivate Michael in this process as he may find it challenging to be part of a group of sixteen. Finally step four is termination in which will commence when I start to finish up in my placement and hope that Michael will continue with his goals with his own social worker. At this present time because of Michael’s background and his diagnosis this method has been successful to date. I have also been able to use a person centred approach along with the task centred approach with Michael throughout this process in order to allow Michael to open up about his feelings and be honest about what is going on for him at that time and in result has allowed Mic hael to achieve positive outcomes within our daily sessions. In regards to the task centred approach that I have undertaken with Michael, at present it has been successful as it looks at the three main problems that he would like to improve on within the short space of time that I will be working with him. By using this approach it was evident that Michael felt motivated to complete these goals as he focused on the three main issues he had in his life. According to Trevthick.P (2005) it can be very difficult to engage in the underlining issues that may be present. In my opinion and the evidence from conducting sessions with Michael this is quite accurate as it can be difficult to engage Michael in certain difficult conversations from his past from a task centred approach. Although by using a person centred approach when discussing these difficult conversations can be suitable as this approach allows him to discuss these issues calmly and reflect on the situation that he may find difficult. For example by using this approach, it allowed Michael to open up about his daughters and the relationship he has with them and how he wants it to improve. He was also able to realise that he wanted to do something about his literacy skills and how this issue could be a barrier for him when searching for a job. By conducting a task centred approach and completing the recovery star I discovered this about Michael and was able to use the person centred approach to discuss it in more depth. Although even though it is discussed that a task centred approach is chosen because it allows the goals to be achievable, it can be difficult for those who may suffer from a mental health illness. Some individuals may find it difficult to achieve the goals that have been set, although at that time it is important for the social worker and client to be able to feedback any difficulties that have arisen and be able to change in accordance with the individual. For example while working with Michael it can be difficult for him in regards to his mental heal th, so throughout our sessions I ensure that near the end of each session Michael is able to understand what was discussed and his understanding and ensure that he is still motivated in regards to the goals that he has set for himself. In conclusion, it is evident that the ongoing weekly sessions with Michael have been beneficial in regards to a task centred approach. The reason for this is that Michael can concentrate on three specific goals at a time and doesn’t feel overloaded. From working with Michael on a one to one basis, his history and mental health status, this approach is working in a positive way in regards to what Michael wants to achieve. From previous case notes it has been noted of other methods that have been tried and failed to motivate and encourage Michael. This approach does have its limits for example it doesn’t allow the client to discuss their issues in detail, although that is when the social worker can incorporate other approaches into their work with the client. Throughout my work with Michael this approach has been favourable as with this client it has achieved positive results, while I am also aware that this may not be the case with every client that I encounter. Although while managing this case I plan to continue with this method and incorporate various approaches as needed in order to work in partnership with Michael to achieve his goals while anticipating a positive outcome. References Adams. R, Dominelli, Payne.M (2002). Social Work: Themes, Issues and Critical Debates. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave. P191-199 Teater. B (2010). An Introduction to Applying Social Work Theories and Methods. Berkshire: Open University Press, McGraw Hill Education. P178-193 Nelson – Jones. R (1992). The Theory and Practice of Counselling Psychology. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston LTD. P107-120 Payne. M (1997). Modern Social Work Theory. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave. P104-112 Trevithick. P (2005). Social Work Skills: A practice handbook. 2nd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press, McGraw Hill Education. P95-98, P275-277 Recovery Star

Grapes Of Wrath Essay -- essays research papers

Grapes of Wrath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book, Grapes of Wrath, follows the life of the Joad family, who live in Oklahoma during the Depression. The story begins with the return of Tom Joad from prison, where he has spent the last few years. He killed a boy in a bar fight and is now on parole. He is taken by surprise when he returns to Oklahoma only to find that his house is in ruins and his family is not there. He doesn’t know that, while he was gone, the banks forced his family and thousands of others off their land. Tom is accompanied by a former priest, Casey, who searches with Tom for his family. Tom and Casey find the Joad family at Tom’s uncle’s house. The family is preparing to move west to California in hopes that they will find jobs and escape the Dust Bowl drought. The Dust Bowl drought has killed all the farmer’s crops and the land has lost it’s richness. Tom decides to travel with his family, even though he’s going against parole rules by leaving the state. The Joads travel west with all twelve members of the family and Casey piled into an old truck. The trip to California proves to be hard when their grandpa dies just days after their departure. Truck problems are regular occurrences and the penetrating heat tires the migrating family. They have very little money and they have many family members to feed as well as gas to buy. Tom is warned by families going back east that there are no job opportunities in California. They say the Joads will be forc...

Jessica in Ther Merchant of Venice

Jessica in The Merchant of Venice In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare introduces his audience to the multi dimensional character of Jessica. Jessica is identified as the daughter of a Jewish Merchant but the audience learns she is much more than that. As the play moves along and Jessica marries a Christian man, Jessica’s identity as a Jewish woman is challenged. Although a minor character in the play, she is important because she makes the audience question what it means to be Jewish and therefore what it means to be Christian.The differences between Judaism and Christianity in the play are shown through Jessica’s relationships with Shylock and Lorenzo. The father daughter relationship that Jessica and Shylock share shows the audience values of Judaism. The two have a very rocky relationship through out the play and although it appears that Jessica is no more than a rebellious teenager, their relationships and interactions show the foundations of a Jewish family. Shy lock shows the rigid rules of the Jewish religion through how he treats Jessica at their home.What the audience knows about Jessica and Shylock’s history is that Shylock locks up Jessica in their house and she is not allowed out. Jessica then undoubtedly has resentment towards her father when she says â€Å"Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, / Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness† (2. 3. 1). It is clear to the audience that Shylock not only wants to lock up his daughter to the world he, also doesn't want Jessica to experience Venetian society when he says â€Å"lock up the doors† so the sounds of music don't drift in from the streets (2. 5. 5).It becomes very obvious that Jessica’s house is a strict, rule driven household that she does not appreciate or like. Jessica’s life under Shylock’s rules shows the rigidness of the Jewish religion that Jessica was brought up under. These instances, at the beginning of the play, show the audience what Jessica’s life as a Jew is like. It is not until we see Jessica’s transition into a Christian that we can see the differences between the two religions. Once Jessica runs away from home and marries Lorenzo, her life as a Jewish woman comes to an end. Through this transition of Jessica’s, we see outside opinions on Judaism and Christianity.When Jessica runs away from home to marry, a conversation is sparked between Lorenzo and his friend Gratiano. They have a conversation about why it is that Lorenzo loves Jessica. Lorenzo is trying to explain to Gratiano how Jessica does not fit the typical Jewish mold by saying â€Å"For she is wise, if I can judge of her/And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true/And true she is, as she hath proved herself†(2. 6. 53-55). From Lorenzo’s language when describing Jessica, it becomes clear that these Christians associate good traits such as fairness, intelligence, and truthfulness with being traits that most Jewish people do not possess.On the opposite end of the argument, the play has Shylock and his response to Jessica running away, getting married, and selling her mothers wedding ring. Shylock responds by saying â€Å"Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my? turquoise; I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. (3. 1. 14). Shylock is upset that his daughter would waste away her precious materials for something as foolish as a monkey. It is in this moment in the play that the audience see’s the new carefree lifestyle Jessica is living as a Christian when she denounces her mother’s ring.Shylock, who loves material possessions, is appalled by his daughter’s carless actions. The audience sees through Jessica’s transition from Jew to Christian and from the conversations sparked in characters from this action how the two different religious groups see each other. After her transition, Jessicaâ €™s relationship with her new husband also sparks different assumptions about religion. After Jessica marries Lorenzo, her life is literally transformed from a Jew to a Christian overnight. Through her final actions of the play, the audience can see how different her two worlds are.Her life with Lorenzo is one full of carefree fun and no material possessions. While her life with her father was one full of rules and restrictions. Once Jessica enters into this relationship with Lorenzo, the notion of what it means to be a Christian and what it means to be a Jew is questioned. Jessica’s two different lives represent the different stereotypes of the two religions. The Jewish people in this play are portrayed through Jessica and Shylock as being an old worldview of life. Shylock’s house is very strict, rule abiding, and oriented in hard work.While on the other hand, Lorenzo represents the New Testament, Christian view of the world where people are much more about living carefree and denouncing material possessions. When Jessica marries Lorenzo and becomes a Christian through marriage she also brings up another question about religion and what makes a person a Jew. Jessica is a Jew by birth but converts to Christianity through marriage. This brings about the question of is it birth or decision that makes a person a certain religion.Lancelot first brings this about when he claims that Jessica is damned because she was born Jewish in that he is referring to the fact that there is nothing she can do to undo being Jewish. The audience also sees many lines where the image of blood is brought up. Shylock refers to his daughter as â€Å"my own flesh and blood† (3. 1. 32) and Jessica states, â€Å"I am a daughter to his blood† (2. 3. 18). This image of blood that Jessica and Shylock share bonds them together and parallels the idea that Judaism runs in the blood, therefore is determined at birth.Although Lancelot seems to believe that Judaism runs in the blood, Jessica believes that she can overturn this by marrying Lorenzo. She states, â€Å"I shall be saved by my husband/He hath made me a Christian† (3. 5. 3). To her, Judaism is out of her because her husband, Lancelot, made her into a Christian through marriage. Here we see two differences in what the characters of the play believe makes a person Jewish. Lancelot believes Jessica is Jewish by birth, and Jessica believes that marrying Lorenzo can make her into a Christian. The character Jessica is important in The Merchant of Venice because of the questions she brings up about religion.Her relationship with her father shows her life as a Jew while her marriage to Lorenzo shows her conversion into a Christian. These two worlds of Jessica play off of each other and through them the audience is able to see the differences between Judaism and Christianity. Through Jessica’s transition from Jew to Christian, the audience is able to see the large differences be tween the Jewish and Christian characters in The Merchant of Venice. Works Cited Evans, G. , ed. The Riverside Shakespeare. 6th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974.

How to Recognize Common Figures of Speech

How to Recognize Common Figures of Speech Of the hundreds of figures of speech, many have similar or overlapping meanings. Here we offer simple definitions and examples of 30 common figures, drawing some basic distinctions between related terms. How to Recognize Common Figures of Speech For additional examples and more detailed discussions of each figurative device, click on the term to visit the entry in our glossary. Whats the difference between a metaphor and a simile?Both metaphors and similes express comparisons between two things that arent obviously alike. In a simile, the comparison is stated explicitly with the help of a word such as like or as: My love is like a red, red rose / Thats newly sprung in June. In a metaphor, the two things are linked or equated without using like or as: Love is a rose, but you better not pick it. Whats the difference between metaphor and metonymy?Put simply, metaphors make comparisons while metonyms make associations or substitutions. The place name Hollywood, for example, has become a metonym for the American film industry (and all the glitz and greed that go with it). Whats the difference between metaphor and personification?Personification is a particular type of metaphor that assigns the characteristics of a person to something non-human, as in this observation from Douglas Adams: He turned on the wipers again, but they still refused to feel that the exercise was worthwhile, and scraped and squeaked in protest. Whats the difference between personification and apostrophe?A rhetorical apostrophe not only animates something absent or non-living (as in personification) but also addresses it directly. For instance, in Johnny Mercers song Moon River, the river is apostrophized: Wherever youre going, Im going your way. Whats the difference between hyperbole and understatement?Both are attention-getting devices: hyperbole exaggerates the truth for emphasis while understatement says less and means more. To say that Uncle Wheezer is older than dirt is an example of hyperbole. To say that hes a bit long in the tooth is probably an understatement. Whats the difference between understatement and litotes?Litotes is a type of understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. We might say litotically that Uncle Wheezer is no spring chicken and not as young as he used to be. Whats the difference between alliteration and assonance?Both create sound effects: alliteration through the repetition of an initial consonant sound (as in a peck of pickled peppers), and assonance through the repetition of similar vowel sounds in neighboring words (It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans!). Whats the difference between onomatopoeia and homoioteleuton?Dont be put off by the fancy terms. They refer to some very familiar sound effects. Onomatopoeia (pronounced ON-a-MAT-a-PEE-a) refers to words (such as bow-wow and hiss) that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. Homoioteleuton (pronounced ho-moi-o-te-LOO-ton) refers to similar sounds at the endings of words, phrases, or sentences (The quicker picker upper). Whats the difference between anaphora and epistrophe?Both involve the repetition of words or phrases. With anaphora, the repetition is at the beginning of successive clauses (as in the famous refrain in the final part of Dr. Kings I Have a Dream speech). With epistrophe (also known as epiphora), the repetition is at the end of successive clauses (When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child). Whats the difference between antithesis and chiasmus?Both are rhetorical balancing acts. In an antithesis, contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in balanced phrases or clauses (Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing). A chiasmus (also known as antimetabole) is a type of antithesis in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed (The first shall be last, and the last shall be first). Whats the difference between asyndeton and polysyndeton?These terms refer to contrasting ways of linking items in a series. An asyndetic style omits all conjunctions and separates the items with commas (They dove, splashed, floated, splashed, swam, snorted). A polysyndetic style places a conjunction after every item in the list.Whats the difference between a paradox and an oxymoron?Both involve apparent contradictions. A paradoxical statement appears to contradict itself (If you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in frankness). An oxymoron is a compressed paradox in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side (a real phony).Whats the difference between a euphemism and a dysphemism?A euphemism involves the substitution of an inoffensive expression (such as passed away) for one that might be considered offensively explicit (died). In contrast, a dysphemism substitutes a harsher phrase (took a dirt nap) for a comparatively inoffensive one. Though often meant to sh ock or offend, dysphemisms may also serve as in-group markers to show camaraderie. Whats the difference between diacope and epizeuxis?Both involve the repetition of a word or phrase for emphasis. With diacope, the repetition is usually broken up by one or more intervening words: Youre not fully clean until youre Zestfully clean. In the case of epizeuxis, there are no interruptions: Im shocked, shocked to find that gambling is going on in here! Whats the difference between verbal irony and sarcasm?In both, words are used to convey the opposite of their literal meanings. Linguist John Haiman has drawn this key distinction between the two devices: [P]eople may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention. What is essential to sarcasm is that it is overt irony intentionally used by the speaker as a form of verbal aggression (Talk Is Cheap, 1998). Whats the difference between a tricolon and a tetracolon climax?Both refer to a series of words, phrases, or clauses in parallel form. A tricolon is a series of three members: Eye it, try it, buy it! A tetracolon climax is a series of four: He and we were a party of men walking together, seeing, hearing, feeling, understanding the same world.Whats the difference between a rhetorical question and epiplexis?A rhetorical question is asked merely for effect with no answer expected: Marriage is a wonderful institution, but who would want to live in an institution? Epiplexis is a type of rhetorical question whose purpose is to rebuke or reproach: Have you no shame?

Free Essays on John Kerry America

no actions of meaning you’re the youth of America. John Kerry and John Edwards understand that proving an American child with a strong education will help lead them to a successful life. Kerry and Edwards agree with Bush that every child should be held to higher standards, and every school should have all of the resources to help the child meet his/her full potential. However that’s about as far as that agreement goes. Every child should graduate High School and e... Free Essays on John Kerry America Free Essays on John Kerry America John Kerry’s experience as a Vietnam Vet and years of military service provide the experience that allows him to know, that the most basic responsibility of being president of the United States in to defend the homeland and its citizens. America has taken large steps since the attacks on September 11, 2001. However it has fallen into many holes along the way as we are in right now. John Kerry knows that we cannot take war to places that do not threaten our immediate freedoms; he also knows that losing over 1,000 soldiers of the American Armed forces is a horrible move. He has a plan to better coordinate the intelligence machine that America has at its fingertips. By bounding these communication loopholes it would better secure America from future terrorist attacks. His plans include a restructuring of the inelegance system that is our core anti-terrorism here on the homeland. Many whistleblowers have alerted the federal government that many states and large cities are not re ady if there was a nuclear or biochemical attack on the homeland. George Bush has put off these warnings and intelligence briefings causing a lack of security for the American public, Kerry will not allow this to happen on his watch. John Kerry knows this and is ready and has a plan to strengthen our domestic readiness. Durings Geroge Bush’s presidential campaign and now during his four years of office one of his key issues is his educational plan, most of his promises have been simply words no actions of meaning you’re the youth of America. John Kerry and John Edwards understand that proving an American child with a strong education will help lead them to a successful life. Kerry and Edwards agree with Bush that every child should be held to higher standards, and every school should have all of the resources to help the child meet his/her full potential. However that’s about as far as that agreement goes. Every child should graduate High School and e...

PATRIOT Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PATRIOT Act - Essay Example This is because he explains that there is a need of submitting a leader who is not accountable to the people. The Patriot act on the other hand is a law enacted in 2001, aimed at fighting and preventing terrorism within the country. Thomas Hobbes in his book, the Leviathan, sets out to outline the best principles of government that can lead to prosperity, stability and peace. Thomas Hobbes begins his explanation of the role of the government, by explaining how life would be, without the government(Kitanov, 2011). Under this situation, life would be difficult and anarchic, because people would be engaged in carrying out anything that they want. They can kill, steal, or engage in activities aimed at frustrating their neighbors, just because they are strong. This is a condition that Thomas Hobbes refers to as, â€Å"The State of Nature†. For purposes of creating order within the society, there is a need of creating a social contract, and establishing a civil society (Hobbes and Schuhmann, 2003). This civil society should be governed by a sovereign authority who is not answerable to them (Kitanov, 2011). Furthermore, people within the society should cede some of their basic rights, for purposes of acquiring protection from the sovereign authority. Based on these facts, Thomas Hobbes believes that the doctrine of separation of powers does not exists, and this is because the sovereign must control the judiciary, the civil society, the military, and he must have the ecclesiastical powers (Hobbes and Schuhmann, 2003). Hobbes therefore explains that it is only through an absolute monarchy, that the society can be protected from the state of nature. By closely looking at these principles established by Thomas Hobbes, it is possible to explain that Hobbes was advocating for a dictatorship (Kitanov, 2011). This is a form of governance, where its citizens have very limited rights, and they cannot play a role in the governance

National Security Safeguards and Countermeasures Techniques Final Essay

National Security Safeguards and Countermeasures Techniques Final - Essay Example That promotes higher levels of responsibility since the executive is aware of the close supervision. Every item that makes it to the budget undergoes great consideration to determine the effect it would have on the budget and the reaction of the legislature on such expenditure. A shortfall of the concept is that it allows little or no breathing time. The executive and legislature are continually involved in the budgeting process. That may limit the time available to analyze government activities. The basis for the development of safeguards and countermeasures is the concern over the increasing threat of terrorist attacks. There has been great development in nuclear weaponry necessitating greater efforts to boost countermeasures and safeguards. The aim is to ensure national security and safety. Countermeasures help detect and identify any material with the potential to be converted into weapons that can be used in terrorism. 3. In National Security Safeguards and Countermeasures Techniques, reciprocity is necessary as it allows for the sharing of classified information, facilities and services by the different security agencies. That helps manage costs of

Finance Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finance - Literature review Example he larger it grows, the management therefore has an important decision to make on whether to pay the shareholders their dividends presently or hold onto the money and make a payment of an increased amount. Besides the two, a firm may opt to pay its shareholders in terms of stock dividends; this unlike cash does not offer liquidity but ensures capital gains by the investors. These and many other issues related to the payment of dividends make dividend policies of significant relevance to the management of the firm. For example, the expectation of the dividends by the shareholders, aid determines the value of the firm’s shares. Firms can choose from a number of dividend policy forms and theories to use in the management of their dividends. However, the choice depends on a number of factors key among which is the capital size of the firm (Stickney, 2010). Smaller companies may not have the financial advantage to pay hefty dividends to its shareholders yet still stay operational; they therefore require those policies that consider its market share and the overall level of the return on investment. Additionally, the market factors all of which in a way affect the business operations of the firm must also have adequate consideration before the payment of dividends. This explains the every fluctuating amount paid to shareholders after every financial p eriod. In a summary, dividend arises from the profits made in every financial period. After operating, the firm determines its profit, which is often after deducting the cost of conducting business and that of maintaining the business (Dyck & Neubert, 2010). The firm therefore divides the resulting amount to the shareholders based on the amount of shares each possesses. However, the investors do not share the losses of the company. It is therefore obvious that every operational factor in the market that affects the profitability of the firm directly affects the resultant dividend value and subsequently the share value.

National Foundation for Educational Research Essay Example for Free

National Foundation for Educational Research Essay Over the last century different techniques have been used to organise children within schools according to what the public and government asked for and needed. For example after the Second World War the number and size of schools increased, the tripartite system of secondary education was introduced and there was increased competition for grammar school places Sukhnandan and Lee (1998 pg. 13). There was a drive for excellence and the 11 plus exam leant itself easily to the administration of streaming. However during the 1960s research was carried out that suggested streaming had negative social consequences for pupils, which could have been the catalyst for the shift of emphasis from excellence to equality. This resulted in a shift from streaming to mixed ability teaching that continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Ability grouping, in the form of setting and within class grouping, was sometimes used in higher year groups for linear subjects such as maths, science and modern languages but mixed ability was the main grouping method. The essay question implies that again there has been a shift, this time to setting. Boaler et al (1998) seems to imply that pressures from the government are to blame for this move; suggesting research (Gewirtz, Ball Bowe, 1993 cited in Boaler et al 1998) indicates some teachers regard the curriculum set out in the 1988 Education Reform Act as incompatible with mixed ability teaching implying that they have no choice. Todays Governments seem to be increasingly interested in achieving goals and raising standards, even if this means children missing out on the social advantages of mixed ability grouping. Setting seems to reinforce social divisions, as there are a higher proportion of boys, children of lower socio-economic status, children born in the summer and those of ethnic minority backgrounds in the lower sets (Boaler, 1997a, 1997b. Oakes, 1982. Sutton, 1966. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) whereas children in mixed ability classes tend to come from a range of different backgrounds. I find this quite extraordinary, as the Scottish Parliament has recently spent millions on an anti-racism campaign. Surely segregating the children, albeit unintentionally, will undermine the message sent out by this campaign? The essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages research has told us concerning setting. It will begin with the discussion of the effect of teachers attitudes and expectations of the set that they are teaching. It will then discuss the limitations pupils face by being placed in sets. It will discuss the social gap created by teaching children in sets. It will also discuss the advantages to the teacher of teaching children in sets and the advantages to the pupils. The essay compares setting to mixed ability teaching on several occasions this is because mixed ability teaching was the technique used before the recommendation to use setting also there seems to only be limited research on the other forms of grouping. Research has shown there to be both advantages and disadvantages to setting. Boaler et al (1998) demonstrated many disadvantages to setting. In their paper they cited a worrying statistic Jackson (1963) 96% of teachers taught to streamed ability groups meaning they taught all the children without consideration into their individual differences. Boaler et al (1998) made reference to some of the experiences of pupils in setted mathematics classes, they reported that their teachers consistently made comments such as youre in the top set, you should be able to do this and youre in the bottom group your not going to learn anything. These attitudes are undoubtedly detrimental for the child. Boaler et al (1998) reported that children in higher sets were disadvantaged because their teachers had too high expectations of the children they were teaching, one third of the children taught in the highest sets felt they were being pushed to hard, that their lessons were paced too fast and they were under too much pressure to succeed because of their teachers expectations and the competitive ethos between pupils in higher sets. This was discovered to really upset certain children, Boaler et al, (1998) I mean I get really depressed it really depressed me, the fact that everyone in the class is like really far ahead and I just dont understand. It was reported that girls were the most affected by this citing the fact that although girls have been reported to be overtaking boys in all subjects boys still get the highest grades in mathematics (where the use of setting is dominant). The complete reverse was reported for those in lower sets, who felt that their lessons were too slow; they werent being challenged so lost interest. They believed that their teachers had no faith in them. This would then lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, they have no option but to perform to the set that they are allocated, if they are not encouraged then they will languish in the bottom sets their entire school life. This causes a self fulfilling prophecy, if they are told that theyre incapable of anything more they will begin to believe it, so they wont try to do anything more. Even if the children in the lower sets worked to be moved up into the higher sets they are unlikely to be successful. Teachers teach the children in specific sets to different tiers of an exam, so those in lower groups will not learn the same things as those in higher groups so movement between the sets would be difficult. The idea that children are taught to specific tiers is generally problematic because children are allocated to sets up to three years before they sit the exam and as mobility is rare this can have detrimental effects on their attainment if they were aware that they could only get a low grade. Boaler et al (1998) reported that only some children actually knew the implications of this. The teachers high expectations of those in higher sets and low expectations of those in lower sets causes a further social gap between the sets, those in the top sets will be called boffins and those in the lower sets will be seen as stupid. This is further intensified by the allocation of better qualified and more experienced teachers to higher sets even though research suggests (Black and Wiliam, 1998, p42 cited in Boaler et al 1998) that this type of high quality teaching is more beneficial to those children in lower sets who need more guidance as they are more easily distracted. The lower ability children will recognise that the higher ability children are seen as better and again this will have detrimental effects on their self-esteem causing them to become interested in anti-educational activities where its cool to be alienated (Hallam article from TES website, Passmore 2002) and will heighten the rift between the ability groups. In a mixed ability class for example there is a reduced distinction between childrens ability, which is beneficial to the children. There is even the suggestion that children of lower ability use those of higher ability as role models. A further problem could be caused because of a distinction made between academic and vocational subjects. Only subjects such as Maths, Science, English and Modern Languages are set while subjects such as Art and Music are mixed ability as a general rule. Children who are good at art and music may not feel as valued as those who are good at maths. The emphasis for teachers seems to be applied to children in higher sets because they get taught by the best teachers and get taught in the best classrooms. Also the children who arent interested may distract other children in these mixed ability groups. Ultimately this will lower their self-esteem and have a negative effect on their attainment in and feelings for the subject. Of cause there must be advantages to setting otherwise the First Minister wouldnt have recommended it. One major advantage is that, compared to mixed ability teaching, its easier for teachers to implement as they can pitch work at a level that is more appropriate for the level the children are at. In mixed ability teaching a large majority of the class are unsupervised while setting lends itself to whole class teaching. This would appear to benefit those children in both higher and lower ability groups. Children in higher ability groups could be neglected and left to get on with their work in mixed ability classes while in sets these children will be given more attention, the children in with less ability will feel less inferior and more confident in groups of children with similar ability. Another benefit for high ability children is that low ability children who dont want to learn will not distract them. The government is aiming to raise standards so its understandable to want to give children of higher ability a better chance. Research (Kulik and Kulik, 1982. 1987. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) shows that gifted and high ability children achieve more when placed in sets than they do when placed in mixed ability groups. Its believed by some that high ability pupils benefit in groups with similar ability because it increases motivation by providing appropriate challenges and competition. There is also the implication that the children will be like-minded, facilitating the opportunity for them to discuss and bounce ideas between each other. Possibly the main reason why the First Minister recommended this form of ability grouping is because all the research conducted in this area conflicts resulting in there being no truly consistent findings on the effect of ability grouping for pupil achievement. His recommendation could therefore be based on the fact that setting is easier for teachers so it is more likely children will be taught effectively. His main concern appears to be with raising standards and setting is easier to manage and improve than mixed ability teaching as set guidelines can be given for the attainment targets for each set. The blame for these inconsistent findings has been given to the research methods used. Theres a suggestion made that the outcome of ability grouping isnt the only thing being tested. The quality of teaching, the teachers expectations, the pupils expectations and the materials available will all effect the pupils achievement. The evidence seems to produce more disadvantages to setting than advantages. The main ones being social rather than necessarily academic. However a child will perform better if they are happy and confident. Being labelled as set 6 is not good for a childs self esteem or confidence especially when teachers reinforce the idea that they are not as good as those in higher sets. This ultimately leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy, which eventually causes the child to lose all interest. If the First Ministers objective really is to raise standards then shouldnt he be focussing on these low ability children and trying to raise their attainment levels? High ability groups also suffer because of the expectation that they are more capable than they actually there. To improve this it might be necessary to re-teach teachers on pupil differences and explain that all the children within the set are not identical. For this to occur theyd have to be a reduction in the emphasis placed on meeting targets, teachers need the flexibility to return to areas that children are finding difficult. When all said and done isnt education for the benefit child? The First Ministers recommendation needs to be accompanied by guidelines for teachers on how they can avoid the negative effects of homogeneous grouping. These guidelines should include careful planning, using well-defined targets and remaining aware of the negative effects of ability grouping (GB. Scottish Office. HMI, 1996. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) There could also be a move away from emphasis on academic achievement to more recognition of non-academic achievements to restore the self-esteem of children in lower ability groups (Elton Report, 1989. Taylor, 1993. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) His recommendation was probably the right one considering the drive to raise standards and make teachers lives easier. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence for what type of grouping is more beneficial academically for the child he was right to choose the method that could be most easily implemented and controlled. However this lack of conclusive evidence means that more research needs to be carried out to discover what the best form of grouping is. To do this researchers will have to establish what is ultimately best for the child, possibly new ways of grouping could be developed or the old ways upgraded.

The role of government in economic development

The role of government in economic development Using national and internationally examples critically assess the role of government in the management of the economy and the economic development. Government plays an important role in keeping the economy stable. Economic during extreme regression such as World War II force governments to take part in rehabilitating the economy. During 1980s, the growth of many developing countries faced a serious down turn (Adelman, 1999). However, many Asian countries assisted by their government are able to maintain or even improve the economic development. Their government found their way out by avoiding deflation and restriction of import and wage. Instead, they promoted their export capacity which allows foreign country to trade and invest in their market. The US federal government is another example of government managed economy. By adjusting the tax, money supply, or the wages, the governments are capable of controlling the rate of economic growth in which affect the amount of employment and price, in turn affect demand and supply. During the Great Depression, in the period of 1930s, government faced economic recessions (Governments Role, 2010). By concerning about slow growth rate, the government treated this situation as the most serious. They greatly reduced taxes rate and funded the money supply themselves. Later in 1970s, the government faced against another problem, the inflation. To deal with inflation, government leaders controlled the situation by restricting the rate of demand, avoiding tax cut, and maintaining the growth in money supply. For decades, Thai government has focus mainly on industrialization policy along its economic situation. To stabilize economic development, they improvise industrial market to be their priority. First, the government allowed the private sector to support the industrial development. Then they would avoid forming any investment that might compete with the industrys private support. These strategies are used to support the private sector, providing governments support, and promote people to compete. However, to be able to take part in international competitive market, the government would have to enhance their productivity rate in both quality and quantity. Therefore, the government reinforces skilled labor and more advance technology to assist industries to increase the standard of their products. With government assistance, we were able to cooperate with Indochina countries in their international trade and investment(Adelman, 1999). Q3. Think about the connection between food production and climate. Write as essay which covers a list of the various ways that production, distribution, and consumption contribute or neutralize effects on the climate. One of the main factors regarding agriculture is climate. As climate change, it causes serious damage on soil, crops, livestock, pest, or even diseases. Therefore, we human tried to find solutions that could neutralize these damages. Policies are made to solve problem from climate changes. First the policy called Agricultural subsidy and trade policies(Antle, 2010). This method was established since 1930; it promote farmer to grow funded crop rather than trying to adapt to climate change. This policy controls the farmers activity. It eventually twisted international market. The second policy or, Production and income insurance policies and disaster assistance(Antle, 2010) is a long term method that insurance disasters. This policy insures that farmer will receiver partial payment in return if their farms are damage but natural disaster. The third policy is called Soil and water conservation policies and ecosystem services (Antle, 2010). This policy protects the fertility of soil and water in a certain area. Crop are ordered to be taken out and replaced by trees. However, this policy do not granted the wish to adapt to climate change even though it promotes environmental value (Antle, 2010). The next policy is Tax policies (Antle, 2010). Because taxation affects almost everything, it gain control of adaptation by speed up the depreciation of assets or promote investment that are eco-friendly. However, taxes can only assist agriculture indirectly. It is more effective in other area in economy, so this policy is often neglected. The fifth policy is the Energy policies (Antle, 2010). We became more and more concern about our climate condition. Therefore, we are more interest in non-fossil-based energy (Antle, 2010). Food production can help fix this problem too. Crops or waste product could be turned into energy. The cost of this method is also very low. Environmental policies and agricultural land use is another policy that contribute to climate change(Antle, 2010). This policy manages the amount of land used since climate change varies in different areas. For example, animal waste has been placed together in a specific site so that the place can be used later. Unknowingly, food production or agriculture could be useful in helping the environment. Since climate changes could not be avoided, every available resource is used to delay it. From animal waste to taxation, they all have their own values to adapt against climate changes. Q4. Where is the future demand for energy likely to be the greatest and why? What sources of energy are likely to dominate in the short run future? In the longer run? Should we be optimistic or pessimistic about the short-run and long-run prospects for energy? India is a home to over 15 % of the world population (India Energy Data, 2010). With high growing economic rate, they consume high amount of energy resources equal to developed countries such as US or Japan. In future, the demand tends to increase due to higher rate of population and vehicle. As the world 5th largest energy consumer, India used 3.7% of the worlds commercial energy (Shanker, n.d.). In contrast, the availability of resources is low; it is likely that someday resources will be insufficient. According to statistics, 8 percent growth of DGP rate would also require higher commercial energy, such as coal, from 3.7% to 6.1% and primary energy supply, such fossil fuel, from 2.2% to 5.1% (Shanker, n.d.). However, every resource is limited especially for coal. Not only they are shortage in the amount, but they also provide low quality of energy including the damage to the surrounding environment. Knowing that someday we will use up all these nonrenewable resources, we also discovered other source of reliable energy such as solar energy. Many scientists assure that in short future, solar energy can be No.1 energy source (What will solar energy need to dominate in future, 2010). With unlimited amount of energy, the sun has a potential of creating solar power enough to fill the need of every single human being. Moreover, energy provided by the sun is acceptably clean and it does not require any maintenance (Future Uses of Solar Energy, 2009). However, this energy resource is still incomplete. Solar energy does not have the power to complete with fossil fuel. It also is costly to obtain this energy and it still requires farther research. Despite the incomplete factors of solar energy, this type of energy is likely to dominate the short run future. Nuclear power is the second to nothing in creating energy. Like solar energy, nuclear energy leaves no trace of carbon behind (Liptak, 2009). The amount of energy it is capable is extremely high. However, nuclear energy has its own disadvantages. Start off with the unstable cost of uranium. The amount nuclear power plant requires could be estimated around four million tons. Calculating from today uranium price ($50/lb) it could, one day, suddenly raise up to twice its original cost (Liptak, 2009). The other disadvantage would be its risk factors. Nuclear power is dangerous, and its toxic waste is highly contaminated. Scientist still has to do research no how to keep it safe. But the usage today is already abundant; it supplies energy for over 7.5% of total consumptions (Liptak, 2009). So it is now slowly crawling to the peak of long term energy. Both solar and nuclear energy are to be look forward to. I believed they are capable of replacing existing nonrenewable resources like fossil fuel. Future science and technology would be able to reduce the cost of these energies. Finally, it will be both worthy and safe. Q5. Regionalization verses Globalization, discuss how globalization has led to regionalization and the tensions that have arisen between these two forces, as these are involved in the current trends towards formation of continental trading blocs and trade regimes. Compare and contrast the protectionist tendencies of the 2000s with those of the 1930s. Many countries economy tried to expand their market internationally. Globalization process led them worldwide. However, sometime, it encourages these countries to invest in the smaller area instead. The barriers between cultures may interfered the market (Clancy, 2009). So it is more convenient to invest in area with same living style or belief. This is why some countries change their method from globalization to regionalization. Trading with neighbor is obviously easier than trading with far foreigners. The price rate too differs between places. For example, text book used by Thai university cannot be sold in US. Why is this so? The price rates between Thailand and US differ so much that the prices of books made in US is unaffordable for Thais. Thats why books were printed in here just for us, and they are strictly restricted by the US. Since is it harder for South East Asian countries to do trading with United State compare to the nearby countries. These countries established their own market with neighboring countries to strengthen themselves. ASEAN is one of them. With cooperating countries, to trade with far foreign countries is far easier. During the early 1930s, protectionism kept US trading away from outside. With low international trading partners and less economic tools, this period were known to be disastrous (Clancy, 2009). In 2000s, the United Stated seems to have learned their lesson. The tendencies in protectionism decline allowing global trade to grow. When money supply is stable, investor again have confident in the market, therefore, economic rate growth. Most people agree that protectionism is not the right way out. This method in both periods risked the market with depression state. Q6. Describe and explain the differences in age composition of populations in advanced countries and those in less-developed ones. What economic and social problems do these populations characteristics create in each case? In the different living environments, the different is population age is distinctive. Fertility rate is one factor that decides the amount of population (World Population Prospects, Volume III). In well-developed countries, fertility rate due to technology and medication is higher compare to the developing countries. This is why age composition in these two environments differs. In advanced countries, the ratios of older persons are much higher compare to the less-developed countries. According to statistics, the rates of people with age above 65 tend to rise from 15.3% in 2005 to 25.9% in 2050, whilst the population of the young ones under age of 15 will slightly decline from 17 % to 15.6% in the same period. For the less-developed countries, population of old-age people increase from only 3.2% to 6.6 %, while population of youth under 15 will apparently decrease from 41.5 % to 28.9 % due to lesser fertility rate. However, these children do not just vanish, as time changes the ratios of population age around 15-64 will rise up from 55% to 64.5% in this period of time (World Population Prospects, Volume III). As overall rate of young population decrease while the rate of old people increase the rate of dependency too will rise. During the period of 2005 2050, in the developed countries, the ratio rate of dependency per 100 working person rise from 47.7 to 71.2. This will obviously cause independency problem for people with age over 65 since the number of working population compare to retired people is decreasing. In contrast, ratios of dependency per working people in the less-developed area drop from 81.8 to 55.1 which means, children in these regions are stepping into workable stage while old (retired) dies (World Population Prospects, Volume III). The dependency rate not only affects peoples living, but it also affects economic performance. If the populations of workable people increase, the income per capita of this group will too rise. In the less developed countries, economic growths are effected by growing of working-age population (World Population Prospects, Volume III). As the income per capita grows, people tend to spend more which motivate active economic market. In this period, the workable population boosts the rates of economic growth. However, the rates differ in developed countries. As the workable population decrease, the countries economic growth will too delay.